ASSiGNMENT #16: RESEARCH & iNSPiRATiON :)

Research:

~Infographic (Information Graphic):

• a graphic visual representation of information, data, or knowledge
• present complex information quickly and clearly [visually appealing]
• illustrate information that would be unwieldy in text form, and act as a visual shorthand

~Timelines:

• Present ideas in an organized way, also representing the years and time
• Ex:

Inspiration:

This pictures have very nice and playful colors. It doesn't look dull; it shows a bright aura.

The second picture has some leading lines towards the text. The first picture just presents the information.

It is a very colorful game board. It has unity and variety.

This is a more unique game board than most. It can get a little messy, but if done properly it could turn out alright.

A simpler maze is easy to navigate through and has unity.

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?
~an instrument that was able to perform simple math calculations
~considered the first computer

In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
~freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
~used by the Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
~Census Bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for?
~Universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
~Internation Business Machines

What is FORTRAN?
~the IBM mathematical formula translating syster

Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
~making them a more user-friendly tool

What is the significance of ARPnet?
~the first internet
~developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computer
~stands for= Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
~first single chip microprocessor, the INTEL 4004

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
~Memory Disk [commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexible]

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
~the first Ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
Altair

Apple 1

Apple 2

TRS-80

Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
~the MS-DOS Computer Operating System which was packages with the IBM PC
Post a photo of the Lisa computer..

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
~Apple

What is GUI?
~Graphical User Interface
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
~

The commercial only ran one time. When?
~

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
~

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?
~an instrument that was able to perform simple math calculations
~considered the first computer

In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
~freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
~used by the Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
~Census Bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for?
~Universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
~Internation Business Machines

What is FORTRAN?
~the IBM mathematical formula translating syster

Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
~making them a more user-friendly tool

What is the significance of ARPnet?
~the first internet
~developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computer
~stands for= Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
~first single chip microprocessor, the INTEL 4004

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
~Memory Disk [commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexible]

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
~the first Ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
Altair

Apple 1

Apple 2

TRS-80

Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
~the MS-DOS Computer Operating System which was packages with the IBM PC
Post a photo of the Lisa computer..

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
~Apple

What is GUI?
~Graphical User Interface

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
~Apple Macintosh Computer
~Apple

The commercial only ran one time. When?
~Super Bowl

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
~Windows Operating System

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
~Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
~developed in 1989
~introduced in 1990

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
~intentional “hidden features” or messages Apple has placed within their software

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
~Photoshop:
   -Belching Cat
   -Merlin the Wizard
   -Tiger Mountain
   -Adobe Space Monkey
   -Dark Matter
   -Strange Cargo Credits
~Illustrator
   -Funky Venus Picture
   -Pixel Show
   -Birthday Cake Brush. 

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
~In the next 10 years, I feel like computers will help heighten our statistics. We will also have a flourishing computer industry due to all the new brands coming up and the good features each new model has.

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
~from engravings or woodcuts

What is a camera obscura?
~a way to observe light
~literally means "dark chamber"
~an optical device that projects an image of its surrounds onto a screen

Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
~scholars used this for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon
~artists used this as a way to trace outside scenes and pain or draw them

From where did the photographic camera develop?
~the portable box

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
~Sir John Hershel
~the Greek words for light and writing

Post an example of the first photograph.  

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
~Joseph Niepce


Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
~Louis Daguerre
~Advantage: good process of making
~Disadvantage: expensive and the image could not be duplicated

Post an example of a Calotype image.

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
~William Fox Talbot
~Advantage: from the negative of the calotype an unlimited amount of duplicates could be made
~Disadvantage: quality was inferior to the striking images produced by the Daguerreotype process

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

~Fredrick Scott Archer
~Advantage: much faster, reduced the exposure time to two or three seconds, the cost was significantly less than the previous processes
~Disadvantage:

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
~Richard Maddox

~Advantage: better quality
~Disadvantage: not accessible to everyone; too complicated



Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
~made Photography accessible to all
~Kodak

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
~it replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls; used gelatin as a base, added a very thin celluloid back and coated it with the emulsion
~all the people had to do was take the picture and their company would do the rest

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
~patenting polarized light filters in 1934 and his invention of instant photography in 1948
~Polaroid Corporation

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
~60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
~paved the way for motion picture photography

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope?
~a device used to project a series of images in a successive phases of motion

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?
~experimentation: he successfully photographed a horse in fast motion

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
~individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector?
~a camera where a light shines through the film and magnifies the "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
~Christopher Sholes

What is a "stenographer"?
~a person employed chiefly to takee and transcribe dictation, according to Webster

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
~because Clephane was a stenographer; he tested the machine as no one else would

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
~Only solved part of his problem when transcribing notes; it still took long to typeset and copy the words

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
~Ottmar Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"?
~the process of setting material in type or into a form to be used in printing, according to Webster

Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
~allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
~made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on daily basis

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
~there was no shift key; therefore, uppercase letters had seperate keys from lowercase letters; the arrangement of keys was based on letter frequency (most frequent on the left); had the same alphabet arrangement twice; on the left was the lowercase letters in black and on the right were the uppercase letters in white; blue keys in the middle were for punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed width

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?
~the assembled line of type that is cast as a single piece

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
~allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
~inventing the technology of printing with movable type
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work?
~Hand press: ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form; the form was then pressed against a sheet of paper

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
~Working at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers, his love of reading

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
~Woodcuts were not durable as they tended to split in the press after repeated use

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
~the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document(usually individual letters and punctuation)


What is a matrix?
~a letter mold made of metal; can be re-used



What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
~oil-based ink



What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
~a substrate made from wood pulp
~created in 105 AD by a Chinese court official


What is a "substrate"?
~A substance or layer that lies beneath something


Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
~John Fust, a wealthy business man

~Fust sued Gutenberg for the money and the judge ruled in Fust's favor; Gutenberg had to turn over the press, tools, materials and all 180 Bibles


What was the first book he printed?
~the Bible


Post an example of this book.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
~Perfected script and made it easier to read

~Books made more rapidly

~Current information could be shared locally and around the world

~Cost of books decreased = allowing more people to buy them

~Demand for books grew and the population became more literate

~Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking

~Economies became stronger

~Art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance

Who introduced the printing press to England?
~William Caxton



What was the early form of newspapers?
~Trade Newsletters



When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
~1704

~Boston News Letter


What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
~Steam-powered rotary press


Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
~Letters pressed



Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
~Relief Printing



Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
~printmaking

~image area is etched into the place surface to hold the ink; ink is applied to the surface and then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess; damp paper is placed on top; a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper


Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
~a basic stencil process

~image carrier is attached to a screen; ink is forced through the open mesh areas

Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
~planography, printing from a flat surface

~Drawing, or artwork, is made on the plate with grease ink or crayon; water applied; when ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink; the wet parts do not




Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
~Offset lithography



How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
~The printing presses we have today are much faster, better improved, and more efficient. Copied cost less now because they are easier to make compared to the Gutenberg Press. There are less errors in copies now, too.

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
~C stands for cyan
~M stands for magenta
~Y stands for yellow
~K stand for black
~These colors make up all the colors available for printing on programs such as InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator, etc.